History of Fiber Optics free essay sample

Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet demonstrated the principle of guiding light by refraction. * It was followed by a public demonstration by John Tyndal in 1852. In 1870, Tyndal wrote about the property of total internal reflection in his book about the nature of light. * In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter invented the Photophone, a device capable of transmitting sound waves over beam of light. This is considered as mankind’s first attempt to to use light for carrying information. * In 1930, Clarence Hansel and John Logie Baird demonstrated independently image transmission using fiber. * In 1940’s, Heinrich Lamm successfully transmitted images through a single glass fiber used for internal medical examinations. * In 1951, Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany experimented with light transmission through bundles of fiber. Their study led to the development of the flexible fiberscope, which is used in the medical field. It was also Kapany who coined the term fiber optics in 1956. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Fiber Optics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * In 1953, Charles Townes and two of his graduate students developed the MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and in 1960, Theodore Maiman developed the first LASER ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). In 1967, Charles Kao and George Bockham of the Standard Telecommunications Laboratory proposed the cladded fiber cables. * In 1970, Robert Maurer, Donalk Keck and Kapron of Corning Glass developed the first fiber optics with losses less than 2dB/Km. * In 1980’s, losses in fiber optics were reduced to as low as 0. 16 dB/Km. This is due to the development of high-quality light sources and detectors. * In 1990’s, the photonic crystal fiber was developed that can carry high power than the conventional silica based fibers.

The Wolf and the Buffalo essays

The Wolf and the Buffalo essays Throughout history mankind has had many social and racial inequalities. Sometimes its these inequalities that help motivate people to do certain things. In The Wolf and the Buffalo Kelton illustrates the social inequalities that existed in post Civil War Texas and between black and white soldiers and the blacks and whites against the Indians. Kelton also ties in the motives for people interacting with one another in the way that they do. Many characters in the book were motivated differently to do the things they did. However in the case of Gideon his motives changed a few times throughout the book. At first he was just saving up for a farm of his own, and then when he met Hannah she became his motivation. When she leaves his motivation temporarily checks out too. It dont matter. Everything I was savin it for is gone (210). He doesnt even care that Finley had stolen all of his money that he was saving for his farm because Hannah was out of his life. When the troops get lost in the desert and it looks like they will all die even Hollander loses his motivation to keep looking for water. Hollander extended his silver watch....he managed a few clear words. Wife. Give to my wife and baby.....Gideon replies, No! Youll live. You give it to her (358-9). Gideon reminded Hollander that his motivation WAS his wife and child and that they were enough to keep him going. Hollander does not forget Gideons actions because he later makes Gideon Sergeant for his leadership he showed. Gray Horse is motivated throughout much of the book by revenge because he thinks his wife and child were murdered. It seemed for a time that only by talking of revenge could Limping Boy kindle the flame of life in his cousins eyes. Anger would sometimes bring the heart to a strong beat, for a while (278). In this case it was revenge that moti...

Contract Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract Assignment - Essay Example With at least two forms –the vendors and the purchasers—vying for legal standing the courts find themselves adjudicating a battle of the forms. They must determine what form applies, if any, or, alternately, that neither form applies and by default, a given contractual dispute must be resolved by recourse to the Sale of Goods Act rather than by the terms and conditions set out by either firm. (â€Å"Sale of Goods Act C. 54† 1979) his was the judgement that the court arrived at in â€Å"GHSP INC v. AB ELECTRONIC LTD† [2010] EWHC 1828 (Comm) Case No: 2008 Folio 1353. Neither the form of the seller AB Electronic Ltd. nor that of the purchaser, GHSP Inc. was held to be valid In lieu of a specific contract the court relied on the â€Å"Sale of Goods Act, 1979†. This issue is of considerable importance for both buyers and sellers. Understandably, the sellers standard form will contain terms that are beneficial to the seller while the purchasers form will favour the purchasers interests. Often the determination of which contract is applicable will resolve the dispute, implicitly, in favour of the party whose contract is accepted by the courts. It is for this reason that a battle of the forms can have such great importance. For more than thirty years the courts have relied on Butler Machine Tool Company Ltd. v. EX-CELL-O Corporation (England) Limited† [1977] EWCA Civ 9 Case No. 172 B. No. 234 when confronted with a battle of the forms. Briefly, Butler contracted to produce a production machine for EX-CELL-O Corp. They produced a contract for production of said machine with a price, terms and delivery details. EX-CELL-O responded with acceptance of the price on their own form that contained different details, particularly as they related to additional costs incurred prior to their receipt of the machine. Butlers contract contained a clause allowing them to charge any price increases

Job interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job interview - Essay Example This shows that Baqer is capable of handling tasks that require quick decision making. As a panel an interviewer, I feel that the Baqer Alhashimdid is fit for the job. Baqer Alhashimdid’s questions were technical and they required much thought before answering. The questions focused on one’s ability to make effective decisions fast. Baqer Alhashimdid’s questions were well formulated and could have helped in evaluating how much the interviewee would be able to deal with situations that involved dealing with problems that involved teamwork as is always the case in most organizations. Generally, the questions asked adequately challenging and effective in determining the potential of a person in handling a wide range of situations. As an energy manager, Baqer Alhashimdid’s always has to be competent in ensuring that the organization’s energy supply is reliable. This means that he must be well equipped with various mechanisms that help in the provision of energy taking into consideration the need for back-up energy sources. Having worked in a capacity that involved operations and maintenance scheduling, he is bound to help the company prepare for emergencies that may arise related to his department. As a good team player, he is bound to keep his staff motivated and in providing solutions in the event that conflicts

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 6

Human Resource Management - Essay Example However, this method has been reported to be ineffective because it deny trainees with an opportunity of interacting directly with their experts. Coaching /mentoring is a method that involves an expert in a particular field who is responsible for administering training. Case study method provides trainee with an opportunity to identify and discuss key issues in the work place to see the areas that may require some improvements. Simulation method entails imitation of the actual work experience where trainees are given a chance to try out and learn by performing the actual task. Finally, technology based training involve utilization of various technological devices to learn. Therefore, managers have been recommended to apply the above methods of training but more emphasis should be placed to coaching and technological based training methods because they have proved to be very effective. Further, managers should apply the four key steps of delivering a training program in order to meet trainees’ individual needs as discussed. Introduction Human resource manager play a significant role towards ensuring that training methods have brought success. Normally, human resource managers design various training programs and administer them to employees in order to increase their efficiency and achieve organisation goals/objectives. Human resource manager further employ a combination of group and individual methods to improve employees’ performance as well as to increase their efficiency. In above connection, human resource managers administer various training methods with an aim of increase organisation productivity. On the other hand, training methods being administered may be help to motivate employees to direct their efforts towards realization of organisation goals (Thompson, 2013). Further, training methods provide employees with growth opportunities whereby, employees can be in a position to execute their task more efficiently and effectively. Therefore, human resource manager should carry out an evaluation to see whether the various training methods administered were effective. However, if a training method was not effective, the manager may decide to make necessary improvements to ensure that training method has brought success. In addition, effective training methods may not only be beneficial to employees and organisation but also to the supervisor. This is because an effective training program minimizes the time that supervisor could have spent in supervising employees and hence, does not have to worry since employees are competent with their job (Bianca, 2013). Therefore, this study aims to provide a review of the training methods used to deliver training. Review the training methods used to deliver training Human resource manager is responsible for choosing the training method used to delivering training among his/her employees. However, various factors should be taken into consideration in order to ensure that the method of training utilized meets employee’s needs. Some of the factors that human resource manager should take into consideration when choosing a method of training to be applied include: manager should consider whether the available time will be adequate to cover all the training topics. Secondly, employee’s knowledge should be taken into consideration because not all methods of training can relevant. Some methods might be too technical to some employees while other may appear to be irrelevant. Therefore, the

The Positive Aspects Of Fast Food English Language Essay

The Positive Aspects Of Fast Food English Language Essay 1. The  job  opportunities offered by  fast food  companies Fast food  is consumed  so much by people on  daily basis. There are many fast food outlets in both developed and developing countries. People can easily  see  fast food  restaurants, such as McDonalds, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chickens (KFC) and Pizza Huts in the street.  Fast food  industry offers more jobs opportunities to the people in  local  areas.  According to McDonalds Australia (2005), McDonalds Australia had 715 restaurants in 2002.  The demand for McDonalds product increases and many people, especially young people can  work  in McDonalds franchisees.  This shows that  fast food  companies successfully make a  contribution  in  solving social unemployment issues. Other studies also show that  university  students work temporally in  fast food  outlets so that their  salary  may  cover  their expenses during their study. This suggests that, to  certain extent,  fast food  industry has some positive effects on peoples life. 2. The convenience of fast food Many people in the  world  like  fast food because of its convenience. In the UK, many women do not have time to do shopping and cook for the family. Many working mothers easily  take  their children to go to the local fast food restaurants such as McDonalds or Burger King to eat. Schlossers (2002)  study  shows that the number of working women has increased significantly and more and more women spend less time cooking at home, therefore, their families spent more on  fast food  meals. McDonalds and KFC have launched many chains in some developing countries, such as China, India, Thailand,  etc. According to Rault-Wack and Bricas (2002),  fast food  industry offers people  convenience  and reduce the burden of cooking at home because  people  may  order  fast food by  telephone  or online so the food can be delivered  shortly. It is  very  easy and convenient to  have  fast food for a meal after  school/work. 3. The low price of fast food The price for fast food in  fast food  outlet is  very  low  thus  most families in the UK can afford to eat there.  Fast food  companies  make  their products as  cheap  as possible. According to Schlosser (2002),  fast food  companies try  very  hard to  buy  the ingredients as  cheap  as possible because even a few pennies difference in price is  important  for the success of their business. Based on  cheap  ingredients, fast food outlets can afford to  give  customers a  supersized  portion  for low price. Since most customers cannot resist a bargain, this strategy is  very  effective. It is  very  clear that the low  price  and  big  portion  make fast food more attractive to customers. People pay for fast food whenever they want to  have  it. The negative effects of fast food Fast food has many negative effects on peoples health. 1. Fast food with high salt and saturated fat Fast food  companies encourage people to eat a lot without realising the health issues that can lead to  disease.  Experts from the Medical Research Council (2009) have reported that fast food contains lots of salt and saturated fat.  Fast food is full of calorie, it is easy to be addicted to it and  take  in more calories than people need.  Most of these calories do come from fat and sugar. Eating too much fat and sugar can cause  negative  effects on human health. It is clear that  home  cooked fresh food is healthier than fast food cooked with cheap ingredients. 2. Diabetes caused by fast food The way that fast food  is cooked  and sold have  bad  effects on peoples health. In some developing countries, many children do not have enough food every day. According to Schlosser (2002), the author of Fast Food Nation, the disease caused by eating too much fast food has become the second biggest killer after smoking in USA. American people have suffered from diabetes, especially those who are over 50 years old, because they have eaten too much fast food in their life. Schlosser also states that Americans spend more money on fast food than they spend on higher education tuition fees every year. Meanwhile, British people suffer from eating too much fast food and some people have to  get  medical treatment. As mentioned above, fast food is high in fat, high in refined carbohydrates and high in sugar, but it is  low  in anything of nutritional element. Consequently, many people have got diabetes by eating fast food. In the United States, the case of middle-aged Caesa r Barber shows what happened to his health after eating fast food  frequently. He suffered from diabetes and heart attack. He sues McDonalds, Burger King and other fast food  compaies, claiming that his illnesses were partially those companies fault (Martindale, 2003). Oppositely, these  fast food  companies claimed that it was Caesar Barbers responsibility to choose if he should eat fast food or not. Caesar Barbers failed in this case, but the most  important  is that this case shows that fast food has  bad  effects on peoples health. Therefore, people should not eat fast food.  The  connection  between fast food and childrens obesity Many children go to  fast food  outlets immediately after school. They  like  fast food because they  think  that fast food is  tasty. They spend a lot of time eating fast food and chatting with their friends before they go home. Most fast food outlets offer  big  portions, such as Big Mac, double cheese burger, etc. Children do not want to eat anything for dinner. They do not  do  any  physical  exercises after eating a  big  portion  of fast food. It is  very  bad  that some children just  immediately  go to bed after eating fast food.  The parents from those  disadvantaged  families  do not look after their children properly and  they  allow  their children to sleep  immediately  after eating fast food.  The extra  fat  and salt  store  in childrens body that may  make  children overweight.  In the UK, the government introduced  healthy food  scheme  in schools for some years but still many children, especially those from single-parent families, eat  fast  food as their  dinner  after school. Studies have shown that the UK is the country that has more  fat  children than other European nations.  It is a  big  issue that some doctors  are concerned  about.  Hickmans (2005)  study  shows that obesity has tripled in the UK (p.8). He states that the  increase  of childrens obesity  has been accompanied  by the high sales of fast food.  More fast food  is sold  in  fast food  outlets, more children become  obese  as they are the customers that fast food companies target.  From the above  evidence  it can be seen that fast food is a one of the major causes of childrens obesity.  Conclusion Currently fast food  is consumed  by many young people, especially children in the UK.  On the one hand, fast food has some positive effects.  Fast food  companies open many outlets in the world so that they offer more employments to local people.  Fast food is  convenient  as it saving a lot of cooking time so working mothers do not have to  cook  meals for their children after work.  The  price  of fast food is  very  low  so most families, even those  disadvantaged  families can afford it. On the other hand, fast food contains high salt and fat so many adults  have  suffered from diabetes. Studies show that there is a strong  connection  between fast food and childrens obesity because most of  obese  children eat much fast food  frequently. Therefore, government should help those  disadvantaged  families and encourage them to  cook  fresh  food for their children. Additionally,  fast food  outlets should not be allowe d to  locate  near school premises.  Fast food  companies should not be allowed to  sell  big  portions to children. Meanwhile, working mothers should  manage  to spend more time cooking healthy  food  at home. With the efforts made by both government and parents, children can have more  healthy  diets and the number of children with obesity  will be reduced  sooner or later.

Women in The Fabliaux :: essays research papers

Females are portrayed in the Fabliaux as having certain distinct characteristics. In 'Les Quatre Sohais Saint-Martin';, 'The Chevalier Who Made Cunts Talk';, and 'The Miller's Prologue and Tale'; medieval women are portrayed in similar ways. Women are imaginative and therefor their thoughts must be controlled. They also, in the Fabliaux, crave sex and have sexually creative minds. These three Fabliaux texts present women that are similar and represent commonly held views about the female sex of the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in the Middle Ages were thought of as having wildly creative imaginations. They were capable of much more description and creativity then men. This is portrayed in 'Les Quatre Sohais Saint-Martin';. The peasant women, when presented with her husbands four wishes, begins to wish for pricks all over her husbands body. After first describing her husband's current state as 'soft and like a furry animal'; (lecture notes) she goes on to say that she wishes for big pricks, short pricks, curved pricks, strait pricks, and other kinds all over his body including his ears, knees, forehead, and abdomen. She does not merely wish for one, hard prick but instead lists all the types she can think of. Because the husband only wishes that the 'same comes to her'; (lecture notes) it is obvious that the wife is the one with the creative imagination. In 'The Chevalier Who Made Cunts Talk'; the women are also very imaginative. After the Chevalier rescues the three naked women's c lothes they decide to each present him with a gift as a reward for acting so honorably. The first grants him a loon. The second grants him the ability to make all cunts speak to him. The third, not wanting to be upstaged by the first and second, gives him the talent to make all assholes speak. It is here that the extents of the female imagination are demonstrated. The Chevalier finds these gifts to be so wild that he thought the girls were mocking him: ' 'Those meadow girls made fun of me''; (Guerin 233). In the Middle Ages a woman's imagination was considered a powerful thing that must be controlled. If a woman's thoughts were not controlled there could be drastic consequences like strange characteristics in children. The thoughts and actions of the women in these Fabliaux are representative of this wildly held belief among men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women in these three Fabliaux are also very interested in sex.